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2026 Vol.16, Issue 1 Preview Page
A study on the indirect cost benefits of foamed warm mix asphalt for green pavements in Indonesia

인도네시아 그린 도로 포장 적용을 위한 기포 중온 아스팔트 도입의 간접 비용 효과 분석

Il Hwan Kang1
,
Kang Hun Lee2
,
Yong Joo Kim3
,
Sung Lin Yang2*
,
Byeong Hun Woo1
강 일환1
,
이 강훈2
,
김 용주3
,
양 성린2*
,
우 병훈1
1Research Specialist, Korea Institute of Civil Engineering and Building Technology, Department of Highway & Transportation Research
2Research Fellow, Korea Institute of Civil Engineering and Building Technology, Department of Highway & Transportation Research
3Director, Korea Institute of Civil Engineering and Building Technology, Construction Industry Promotion Department
1한국건설기술연구원 도로교통연구본부 박사후연구원
2한국건설기술연구원 도로교통연구본부 수석연구원
3한국건설기술연구원 건설산업진흥본부 본부장
*Corresponding Author
30 June 2026. pp. 86-96
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Abstract

Pavement reconstruction under temporary lane closures causes severe traffic congestion and social delay costs. While conventional Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) prolongs traffic blockages due to extensive curing times , Foamed Warm Mix Asphalt (FWMA) allows lower construction temperatures and accelerated early traffic opening. This study quantitatively evaluates the indirect benefits—specifically carbon dioxide (CO2) emission reductions and social delay cost savings—resulting from a 1-hour reduction in construction duration provided by FWMA, utilizing realistic traffic data from the Bogor region in Indonesia.A standard geometric network model of a two-lane undivided road (2/2UD) was developed using the VISSIM microscopic traffic simulation program. Traffic composition (70% small, 20% medium, 10% large vehicles) and volume scenarios (650 and 1,300 vehicles/day) were applied based on data from the Indonesian Ministry of Public Works. The construction duration was differentialized as 8 hours for HMA and 7 hours for FWMA to capture the early traffic opening benefit.The VISSIM simulation results demonstrated that the average travel speed dropped precipitously from 60.2 km/h to 15.5 km/h during lane blockages. However, implementing FWMA mitigated severe bottlenecks, increasing average travel speeds across all vehicle classifications by 2.0 km/h under saturated conditions. Integrating speed profiles with Tier 3 greenhouse gas emission models confirmed that FWMA achieved CO2 emission reduction rates of 14.4% and 8.6% for low and high-volume conditions, respectively. Furthermore, economic analysis following Korea Development Institute (KDI) guidelines revealed that travel time costs constituted the majority of losses. FWMA reduced total social delay costs by 24.1% under the low-volume scenario and by up to 29.5% under the high-volume saturated scenario. These findings demonstrate that the time-saving capability of FWMA yields significant environmental and socio-economic benefits, providing empirical justification for green pavement policies.

Keywords
Foamed warm mix asphalt (FWMA)
VISSIM simulation
CO2 reduction
Delay cost
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Information
  • Publisher :KOREAN ASPHALT INSTITUTE
  • Publisher(Ko) :한국아스팔트학회
  • Journal Title :Journal of the Korean Asphalt Institute
  • Journal Title(Ko) :한국아스팔트학회지
  • Volume : 16
  • No :1
  • Pages :86-96
  • Received Date : 2026-06-10
  • Revised Date : 2026-06-22
  • Accepted Date : 2026-06-25
  • DOI :https://doi.org/10.22702/jkai.2026.16.1.8
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